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The PAC is the box that calls/answers the phone call and relays the PPP frames to the

PNS (PPTP Network Server). A PAC must have IP and dial-up capability.

A filter that scans packets and decides whether to let them through or not.

A security protocol that requires users to enter a password before accessing a secure system. The user's ame

and password are sent over the wire to a server where they are compared with a database of user

account names and passwords.

A passphrase is a string of text used for automatic WEP key generation on wireless client adapters.

A program that uses a dictionary of words, phrases, names, etc. to guess a password.

A system of encrypting electronic files using a single key or password. Anyone who knows

the password can decrypt the file.

The encrypted password is not visible in the password file but stored in a shadow file that is

only readable by root. This prevents brute force attacks on the encrypted field to guess the password.

In STP, path cost is the cost of transmitting a frame onto a LAN through that port. It is assigned

according to the speed of the link to which a port is attached. The slower the media, the higher the cost.

A subscriber-owned telecommunications exchange that usually includes access to the public

switched network. It may also be a private telephone switchboard that provides on-premises

dial service and may provide connections to local and trunked communications networks.

PEM (Base-64) encoded PKCS#7 is a Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format that uses 64 ASCII

characters to convert a binary PKCS#7 certificate into a printable form.

PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509 is a Privacy Enhanced Mail format that uses 64 ASCII characters

to convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form.

Gaining access to computers or networks by bypassing security programs and passwords.

Perfect Forward Secrecy is an IPSec keying method that uses a brand new key for each new

IPSec SA setup. The keys are created by new key exchanges, see Diffie-Hellman.

Breaking into phone or other communication systems.

An attack that slows down the network until it is unusable. The attacker sends a "ping" command

to the network repeatedly to slow it down. See also Denial of Service.

Someone who steals or distributes software without paying the legitimate owner for it.

Software that has been illegally copied, or that is being used in violation of the software's licensing

agreement. Pirated software is often distributed through pirate bulletin boards or on the Internet.

In the Internet underground, it is known as Warez.

PKI (Public-Key Infrastructure) is the framework of servers, software, procedures and policies

that handles (public-key cryptography) keys.

Public-Key Infrastructure (X.509) refers to an IETF working group and the protocols and architecture

that it has drafted based on X.509.

Plain Text is clear text, readable by anyone-it is the opposite of cipher text.

PMS is an automated billing system commonly used by hotels to perform in-room billing of services.

A PNS is the box that hosts both the PPP and the PPTP stacks and forms one end of the PPTP

tunnel. The PNS must have IP connectivity.

PoE is the ability to provide power to a PoE-enabled device via an 8-pin CAT 5 Ethernet cable,

eliminating the need for a nearby power source.

The physical point where the phone company ends its responsibility for the wiring of the phone line.

This is a common protocol used for sending, receiving, and delivering mail messages.

An Internet port refers to a number that is part of a URL, appearing after a colon (:), directly following

the domain name. Every service on an Internet server listens on a particular port number on that server.

Most services have standard port numbers, for example, Web servers normally listen on port 80.

An interface on a computer for connecting peripherals or devices to the computer. A printer port,

for example, is an interface that is designed to have a printer connected to it. Ports can be defined

by specific hardware (such as a keyboard port) or through software.

This is the aggregation of separate physical DSL port links into one logical link; for example, three

SHDSL links of 2.3 Mbps can be aggregated into one logical 6.9 Mbps link.

Use this feature to forward incoming service requests to a server on your local network.

You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP

address of the desired server.

Port mirroring allows you to copy traffic from one port to another port in order to examine the first

port's raffic without interfering with it.

Port security allows only packets with dynamically learned MAC addresses and/or configured static

MAC addresses to pass through a port on the switch.

This is the aggregation of separate physical port links into one logical link; for example, two fast

Ethernet links can be aggregated into one logical 200 Mbps link.

Port-based VLANs are VLANs where the packet forwarding decision is based on the destination

MAC address and its associated port. Port-based VLANs are specific only to the device on

which they were created.

A portal page is the first web site to which a subscriber is directed after logging in successfully.

The analog telephone service that runs over copper twisted-pair wires and is based on the original

Bell telephone system. Twisted-pair wires connect homes and businesses to a neighborhood central

office. This is called the local loop. The central office is connected to other central offices

and long-distance facilities.

PPP encapsulates and transmits IP (Internet Protocol) datagrams over serial point-to-point links.

The protocol is defined in IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) RFC 1661 through 1663.

PPP provides router-to-router, host-to-router, and host-to-host connections.

One of the two types of PPP interfaces you can define for a Virtual Circuit(VC), the other being PPPoE.

You can only define one PPPoA per VC.

PPPoE relies on two widely accepted standards: PPP and Ethernet. PPPoE is a specification for

connecting the users on an Ethernet to the Internet through a common broadband medium, such

as a single DSL line, wireless device or cable modem.

Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables secure transfer of data

from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using a TCP/IP-based

network.

A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. It is called "pre-shared"

because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over

a secure connection.

Actively capturing packet information from a network. Most computers only collect packets specifically

addressed to them. Promiscuous packet capture acquires all network traffic it can regardless of where

the packets are addressed.

A "Lnguage" or communicating on a network. Protocols are sets of standards or rules used to define,

format and transmit data across a network. There are many different protocols used on networks.

For example, most web pages are transmitted using the HTTP protocol.

Use Protocol Filters to decide whether or not to allow passage of a data packet and/or to make a call.

Protocol filters act on IP/IPX packets and can serve as a limited firewall.

A server that performs network operations in lieu of other systems on the network. Proxy Servers

are most often used as part of a firewall to mask the identity of users inside a corporate network

yet still provide access to the Internet.

Public Switched Telephone Network was put into place many years ago as a voice telephone

call-switching system. The system transmits voice calls as analog signals across copper twisted cables

from homes and businesses to neighborhood COs (central offices); this is often called the local loop.

The PSTN is a circuit-switched system, meaning that an end-to-end private circuit is established

between caller and the person called.

PTT is a generic European name that usually refers to state-owned telephone companies.

System of encrypting electronic files using a key pair. The key pair contains a public key used during

encryption, and a corresponding private key used during decryption.

A PVC is a logical point-to-point circuit between customer sites. PVCs are low-delay circuits because

routing decisions do not need to be made along the way. Permanent means that the circuit is preprogrammed

by the carrier as a path through the network. It does not need to be set up or torn down for each session.